tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35559089785777727412024-03-05T02:30:00.565-08:00Change Detection: Attention, Memory and DecisionThis blog is about my research and what I am interested in. I will keep updating new information. Hope all of you enjoy it.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.comBlogger28125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-61747628477497206692009-08-18T22:41:00.000-07:002009-08-18T22:43:51.525-07:00American Journal ExpertsI want to share the website with all of you! It is about the American Journal Experts whcih can help me correct the English writing. I use American Journal Expert's (AJE's) English language editing service for my research papers. I am satisfied with the quality of their <a href="http://www.journalexperts.com">paper editing</a> and would like to inform my colleagues about this proofreading service.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-36088540567806917242009-06-10T22:52:00.000-07:002009-06-10T22:54:31.598-07:00請與我們一同歡送楊政達、石家豪、以及陳彥合!<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhKCCw3stqXVHv82uojtr6WQnj7I8DQAkVER2fn2Gio8mZI5YM4yiHZhNmH0FQs6ZWoV0yhrwp5KMWeILX162fhBxzxyCKuB0lCRt98b6T2j52Jx9dMYPwCJ9k_ZeIkb6e1GZCDWzq7f8/s1600-h/!cid_image002.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345944321826952354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 266px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhKCCw3stqXVHv82uojtr6WQnj7I8DQAkVER2fn2Gio8mZI5YM4yiHZhNmH0FQs6ZWoV0yhrwp5KMWeILX162fhBxzxyCKuB0lCRt98b6T2j52Jx9dMYPwCJ9k_ZeIkb6e1GZCDWzq7f8/s400/!cid_image002.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-8142437208956824862009-05-03T07:33:00.000-07:002009-05-03T07:39:59.904-07:00椰林步道的檀板輕歌 ----楊政達博士學成感恩崑劇聯演<a href="http://www.arte.gov.tw/pro1_perf_now.asp?KeyID=1044">http://www.arte.gov.tw/pro1_perf_now.asp?KeyID=1044</a><br /><br />聯演 5月9日晚間<br />椰林步道的檀板輕歌 ----楊政達博士學成感恩崑劇聯演<br /><br />時間:2009/5/9(六)18:30開演(18:00自由入場)<br />地點:國立台灣藝術教育館南海劇場(台北市南海路47號,建國中學對面)<br />劇目:<br />《牡丹亭.驚夢》 杜麗娘/簡思寧 柳夢梅/游俊菖 春香/李孟穎 花神/陳幼馨 王芊懿<br />《白蛇傳.斷橋》 許仙/楊政達 白素貞/魏薇 青兒/廖宜寧<br />《紅梨記.亭會》 謝素秋/林宜貞 趙汝舟/鄭傑文<br />《玉簪記.秋江》 潘必正/楊政達 陳妙常/楊式玗 姑母/張嘉琦 進安/李蕙如 艄翁/黃耀廷 艄婆/林晏甄Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-5939514380565554382009-03-21T18:45:00.000-07:002009-03-21T18:48:31.607-07:00The influence of similarity on visual working memory representations<a href="http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791471042~db=all?jumptype=alert&alerttype=new_issue_alert,email">http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791471042~db=all?jumptype=alert&alerttype=new_issue_alert,email</a><br />Abstract<br />In verbal memory, similarity between items in memory often leads to interference and impaired memory performance. The present study sought to determine whether analogous interference effects would be observed in visual working memory by varying the similarity of the to-be-remembered objects in a colour change detection task. Instead of leading to interference and impaired performance, increased similarity among the items being held in memory led to improved performance. Moreover, when two similar colours were presented along with one dissimilar colour, memory performance was better for the similar colours than for the dissimilar colour. Similarity produced better performance even when the objects were presented sequentially and even when memory for the first item in the sequence was tested. These findings show that similarity does not lead to interference between representations in visual working memory. Instead, similarity may lead to improved task performance, possibly due to increased stability or precision of the memory representations during maintenance.<br /><br /><br /><br />Note: similarity can increase stability or precision of the memory representations during maintenanceYang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-9124871747426443592009-02-20T02:18:00.000-08:002009-02-20T02:20:37.138-08:00用endnote 寫論文再用X2版的時候<br />APA5 th的格式會顯示錯誤<br />需要下載新的output filter<br />以下網頁有提供一些資訊<br />並且教大家如何用endnote寫論文<br /><br /><a href="http://writingwithendnote.blogspot.com/2008/03/endnote-x1-apa-5thoutput-style.html">http://writingwithendnote.blogspot.com/2008/03/endnote-x1-apa-5thoutput-style.html</a>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-28662527785203201132009-01-19T20:24:00.001-08:002009-01-20T05:11:06.651-08:00How to use Winbugs and related issuesWinBUGS軟體安裝提示<br />作者:林永雋 <mentist@gmail.com><br />日期:2009-01-19~20<br /><目的><br />數學模型中除了自變量、依變量,就是參數了。原則上,不論自變量或參數,可以是固定效果(fixed effect)也可以是隨機效果(random effect)。雖然大一統計課所教的線性回歸有討論自變量是固定效果與是隨機效果的這兩種情形,但是都是把模型參數視為固定效果。假如要考慮某參數是隨機效果, 亦即視該參數為隨機變數,則推估出的參數會是一個機率分配,而不是一個固定的數值。既然要去推論出一個機率分配,則統計的方法也會較複雜一些,幸好我們可以應用貝式定理的觀念—將經驗法則換算成理性的預測—有效率地推論機率分配,而WinBUGS就是一個基於貝氏定理作模型參數推估的應用軟體,該軟體實作了以貝氏定理為基礎原理的演算法。<br /><電腦環境><br />Windows<br /><教程><br />目標一:用WinBUGS來實作Bayesian modeling<br /><br />1.Install WinBUGS<br />1-1.Install WinBUGS 1.4<br /><a href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/contents.shtml">http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/contents.shtml</a><br /><a href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/WinBUGS14.exe">http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/WinBUGS14.exe</a><br />下載並安裝好WinBUGS14.exe<br /><br />1-2.Patch WinBUGS (1.4->1.43)<br /><a href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/patches.shtml">http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/patches.shtml</a><br /><a href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/WinBUGS14_cumulative_patch_No3_06_08_07_RELEASE.txt">http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/WinBUGS14_cumulative_patch_No3_06_08_07_RELEASE.txt</a><br /><br />下載WinBUGS14_cumulative_patch_No3_06_08_07_RELEASE.txt<br />用WinBUGS將下載回來的檔案開啟成Text,然後遵循裡面的指示進行安裝<br /><br />1-3.Register WinBUGS 1.4x<br /><a href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/contents.shtml">http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/contents.shtml</a><br /><a href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/WinBUGS14_immortality_key.txt">http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/WinBUGS14_immortality_key.txt</a><br />下載WinBUGS14_immortality_key.txt<br />用WinBUGS將下載回來的檔案開啟成Text,然後遵循裡面的指示進行安裝<br /><br /><br />目標二:匯入外來的模型或是自訂額外的模型<br /><br />2.Install WBDev into WinBUGS<br />WinBUGS本身似乎不能自訂模型,WBDev應該是開發模型給WinBUGS用的套件<br /><a href="http://www.winbugs-development.org.uk/download_wbdev.html">http://www.winbugs-development.org.uk/download_wbdev.html</a><br />下載並安裝好wbdev.exe<br />安裝的效果是Program Files/WinBUGS14/中會多出wbdev_01_09_04.txt<br />用WinBUGS將Program Files/WinBUGS14/wbdev_01_09_04.txt開啟成Text,然後遵循裡面的指示進行安裝<br /><br />3.Install BlackBox 1.5 (not 1.6 !)<br />BlackBox應該是發展出WinBUGS的基礎<br /><a href="http://www.oberon.ch/blackbox.html">http://www.oberon.ch/blackbox.html</a><br />下載並安裝SetupBlackBox15.exe<br /><br />4.匯入外來模型<br />索取wiener.odc與wienereta.odc這兩個檔案<br />為了能運用wiener.odc與wienereta.odc這兩個diffusion模型,必須在安裝WBDev與Blackbox之後,<br />將C:\Program Files\WinBUGS14中所有的檔案拷貝到C:\Program Files\BlackBox Component Builder 1.5,全部取代<br />並將將wiener.odc與wienereta.odc拷貝到C:\Program Files\BlackBox Component Builder 1.5\WBDev\Mod,並用BlackBox分別開啟這兩個檔案按Ctrl+K組譯,<br />這麼做會使得C:\Program Files\BlackBox Component Builder 1.5\WBDev\Code與C:\Program Files\BlackBox Component Builder 1.5\WBDev\Sym產生新的檔案<br />接著將C:\Program Files\BlackBox Component Builder 1.5\WBDev\Rsrc\Distributions.odc用BlackBox開啟,修改成:<br />s ~ "dnorm.trunc0"(s, s)I(s, s) "WBDevUnivariateTemplate.Install"<br />s ~ "dwiener"(s, s, s, s)I(s, s) "WBDevWiener.Install"<br />s ~ "dwiener.eta"(s, s, s, s, s)I(s, s) "WBDevWienerEta.Install"<br />END<br />最後把整個C:\Program Files\BlackBox Component Builder 1.5\WBDev資料夾內的檔案覆蓋回C:\Program Files\WinBUGS14\WBDev即可<br /><br /><br />目標三:如果能用R操作WinBUGS會更便利<br /><br />5.Install R 2.81<br /><a href="http://cran.csie.ntu.edu.tw/">http://cran.csie.ntu.edu.tw/</a><br />下載並安裝R-2.8.1-win32.exe<br /><br />6.Run WinBUGS from R<br /><a href="http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/bugsR/">http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/bugsR/</a><br /><br />6-1.Just once in R<br />install.packages("arm")<br />install.packages("BRugs")<br />install.packages("Matrix")<br />install.packages("lme4")<br /><br />6-2.Each time in R<br />library("arm")<br />每次從R呼叫WinBUGS之前,只輸入這個就會自動引用其他三個安裝好的套件<br /><br /><br /><參考文件><br />AppendixBWinbugs.pdf<br />manual14.pdf WinBUGS User Manual by Spiegelhalter, D. et. alYang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-32760261084586879292008-11-25T19:26:00.000-08:002008-11-25T19:33:06.394-08:00眼界其關 (Exhibition of Human Eyes)Exhibition of Human Eyes. The exhibition was funded by Department of Science Education, National Science Council and was held during July 23rd – August 18th, 2008. Collaboration with National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. See the website <a href="http://web.ntust.edu.tw/~myang/2008eye/">http://web.ntust.edu.tw/~myang/2008eye/</a><br /><br />這次的展覽,人類視覺的部分,由我與陳彥合,以及我2008年3月到6月的大學部小朋友(孫小涵、李紹銘、邱佩甄、吳覆濃、潘奕瑄、廖敏捷、廖蕙如)共同製作,針對改變盲現象作一系列的有趣示範,裡面共有三段有趣的影片,以及許多改變偵測的DEMO。Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-5472271288192348912008-06-18T01:47:00.000-07:002008-06-18T01:50:42.944-07:0097年度「獎勵人文與社會科學領域博士候選人撰寫博士論文」獲獎人名單<a href="http://web1.nsc.gov.tw/newwp.aspx?act=Detail&id=6264&ctunit=31&CtNode=42&mp=1">http://web1.nsc.gov.tw/newwp.aspx?act=Detail&id=6264&ctunit=31&CtNode=42&mp=1</a><br /><br /><br />97年度「獎勵人文與社會科學領域博士候選人撰寫博士論文」申請案業已審查完畢,共有40位博士生獲獎。名單如附件。發佈日期:2008/06/18聯絡人:林翠湄聯絡電話:27377617, tmlin@nsc.gov.tw相關網址:<br /><br /><a href="https://nscnt12.nsc.gov.tw/WQS/DEFAULT.ASP?strURLNAME=DR" target="_nwGip">https://nscnt12.nsc.gov.tw/WQS/DEFAULT.ASP?strURLNAME=DR</a>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-84683377450697349362008-02-18T19:35:00.000-08:002008-02-18T19:36:54.759-08:00STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS<strong>STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS AND POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLARS (2008)</strong><br />The Society for Mathematical Psychology is providing a limited number of $100 student travel awards on a competitive basis. The purpose of these student travel awards is to subsidize the costs of travel to the Society for Mathematical Psychology Meeting which will be held at The Fairmont Washington D.C. Hotel (<a href="http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/www.fairmont.com/washington">www.fairmont.com/washington</a>) in Washington, D.C. In order to be eligible for a graduate student travel award, the student must: (1) be a student member of the Society for Mathematical Psychology, and (2) be a graduate student. Postdoctoral scholars are now also eligible to apply for student travel awards. In addition, an applicant for a travel award must be a co-author on an abstract for oral or poster presentation at the Society for Mathematical Psychology meeting as well as include a copy of that abstract in their application packet. Students should also include a vita with their application. Applications must be postmarked by April 30, 2008 and sent to: Mathematical Psychology Student Travel Award, Attention: Dr. Richard Golden, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences - GR4.1, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021.<br />Awards will be officially announced and distributed at the Society for Mathematical Psychology Business Meeting in Washington, D.C.<br />http://www.mathpsych.orgYang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-91353753675488170932008-02-18T19:32:00.000-08:002008-02-18T19:33:20.773-08:00MathPsych call for paperCALL FOR PAPERS FOR THE41st Annual Meeting of the Society for Mathematical PsychologyatThe Fairmont Washington DC HotelSaturday Evening July 26, 2008 – Tuesday Noon July 29, 2008immediately following the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society<br />Featuring Symposia Covering the Topics of:Cognitive Decision Theory Causal ModelingComputational Linguistics Psychometric Assessment<br />Submission Deadlines: April 1, 2008 (papers) - April 20, 2008 (posters)<br />The 41st Annual Meeting of the Society for Mathematical Psychology will begin the Evening of July 26, 2008 (Saturday) and end the Afternoon of July 29 (Tuesday). The conference will be located in Washington, D.C. at The Fairmont Washington DC hotel (<a href="http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/www.fairmont/washington">www.fairmont/washington</a>). See <a href="http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/www.mathpsych.org">www.mathpsych.org</a> for additional details regarding this year’s Mathematical Psychology conference as they develop as well as information regarding how to register for the conference.<br />The 41st Annual Meeting of the Mathematical Psychology Society will immediately follow the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (which will takes place July 23-July 26 about 2 miles away at the Omni Shoreham Hotel (<a href="http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/cogsci.html">www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/cogsci.html</a>).<br />Please support the 41st Annual Meeting by taking advantage of the special conference discount rates offered by the Fairmont exclusively to SMP participants and please register early for the conference. Make sure to mention that you are with the Society for Mathematical Psychology to obtain your discount rates!!<br />Papers for the meetings may be submitted by regular members, student members, and non-members. Any o¬ne person may present only one paper, but may be a co-author of other papers, or may be an invited speaker or symposium participant. Papers will be limited to those in which mathematical, statistical, or simulation methods play a significant role in the development of psychological hypotheses or the interpretation of results. Purely theoretical developments should clearly relate to substantive issues or contribute to methodologies of obvious use in psychology, cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience, and related areas. Experimental results should bear directly on some mathematical or simulation model.<br />Programs of past meetings appear in the Journal of Mathematical Psychology and are available at the official conference website: www.mathpsych.org. All members of the society are welcome to make suggestions for symposia and invited speakers. Contact Dr. Michael Dougherty (<a href="mailto:%20mdougherty@psyc.umd.edu">mdougherty@psyc.umd.edu</a>) for further information and to make suggestions. Papers will be accepted o¬n the basis of their quality and suitability and not according to the author's affiliation with the Society. Presentations that bridge disciplines and treat issues of mathematical interest in the behavioral and social sciences, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience are highly encouraged. For oral papers, presentation time will be limited to a maximum of 25 minutes including five minutes for discussion. Sessions will be strictly timed. Poster presentations have the advantage of longer discussion time, less formality, and closer audience contact. The "status" associated with poster presentations will be equal to that associated with oral presentations. Poster “spotlight” sessions are planned to allow poster presenters to give brief 2-3 minute overview of their posters.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-37576882351264183182008-02-12T18:51:00.001-08:002008-02-12T19:02:31.945-08:00Fw: APAGS<div class="Section1"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 480.75pt; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="641" border="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; WIDTH: 477.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="637"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><map name="MicrosoftOfficeMap0"><area shape="RECT" coords="7,10,100,25" href="http://www.apa.org/"><area shape="RECT" coords="9,28,30,35" href="http://www.apa.org/"><area shape="RECT" coords="32,28,65,35" href="http://www.apa.org/sitemap.html"><area shape="RECT" coords="68,28,100,35" href="http://www.apa.org/about/contact.html"></map><img id="_x0000_i1025" height="57" src="http://www.apa.org/massmailing/topbanner.jpg" width="640" align="bottom" usemap="#MicrosoftOfficeMap0" border="0" name="Graphic1" /></p></td></tr><!-- saved from url=(0059)http://apainside.apa.org/templates/mass_email_template.html --><!--######################################################################--><!-- PLEASE DO NOT MODIFY THE HTML OF THIS MESSAGE EXCEPT WHERE SPECIFIED --><!--######################################################################--><!--Navigation Banner Image Map Information--><!--Master page table setting both borders and the width of the page--><!--Navigation Banner Image--><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; WIDTH: 477.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="637"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12;color:black;" ><br style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always" clear="all"><br style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break" clear="all"><p> <img src="http://www.apa.org/apags/images/apags_width129.jpg" /></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Dear APAGS member:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 132.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">The American Psychological Association of Graduate Students (APAGS) is celebrating its 20<sup>th</sup> Anniversary throughout 2008, and we'd like you to join us in the celebration!<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;">To kick off our year-long celebration, APAGS is pleased to announce a special 2008 Anniversary scholarship program for this year only. APAGS will award up to four <b>$5,000 scholarships as part of the Future Pioneers of Psychology Award.</b> This scholarship will recognize APAGS member excellence in one or more of the following areas of psychology: research, practice, professional service, community service, and/or legislative advocacy. Award recipients will also receive a <b>free trip</b> to the 2008 APA Annual Convention in Boston (airfare and 3-night hotel accomodations paid for by APAGS) to briefly present on their pioneering work with the other scholarship recipients as part of the APAGS convention program.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"><a href="http://www.apa.org/apags/members/schawrds.html">Click here</a></span></u><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >for more information on how you can apply for this exciting new award and other APAGS scholarships and awards.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Other benefits of your APAGS membership include:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; 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TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;font-size:10;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >And much more!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >For more information, visit <a href="http://www.apa.org/apags">www.apa.org/apags</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><img src="http://www.apa.org/apags/images/cwn2.jpg" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="color:windowtext;">APAGS<br />The American Psychological Association<br /><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:address st="on"><st1:street st="on">750 First Street, NE</st1:street><br /><st1:city st="on">Washington</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">DC</st1:state> <st1:postalcode st="on">20002-4242</st1:postalcode></st1:address><br />Phone: (202) 336-6014<br />Fax: (202) 336-5694<br />Email: APAGS@apa.org<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-size:10;color:windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="font-size:10;color:windowtext;">You are receiving this message to help you make full use of APA resources. 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You may also call 1.800.374-2721, ext. 5991.</span><span style="color:windowtext;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><i><span style="color:windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><i><span style="color:windowtext;">This message was scanned for viruses!</span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; WIDTH: 477.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt" width="637"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-TOP: 12.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><img height="1" src="http://maestro.apa.org:1892/trk/open?ref=zp000s09a_0-2c6x" width="1" />Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-16703865600594867822008-02-09T07:57:00.001-08:002008-02-10T22:20:52.230-08:00Fw: Fellowship and Research Funding Opportunities<img height="72" src="http://www.apa.org/massmailing/pubint/topbanner.jpg" width="685" align="bottom" border="0" name="graphics1" /><br /><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">SUMMER PRE-DOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><img height="72" hspace="1" src="http://www.apa.org/massmailing/pubint/image004.jpg" width="152" align="left" border="0" name="graphics2" /><?xml:namespace prefix = v /><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" extrusionok="f" connecttype="rect"></v:path><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; Z-INDEX: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 114pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 54pt; mso-wrap-distance-left: .75pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: .75pt; mso-position-horizontal: left; mso-position-vertical-relative: line" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" allowoverlap="f"><v:imagedata src="http://www.apa.org/massmailing/pubint/image004.jpg"></v:imagedata><?xml:namespace prefix = w /><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:shape>The Texas State 2004-2009 University Strategic Plan calls for an "increasingly diverse student body" by enhancing "the recruitment and retention rates of African-American and Hispanic/Latino faculty". Toward this end, the Summer Predoctoral Fellowship program invites ABD doctoral candidates at other institutions to spend June and July working with colleagues in their field and students on the Texas State campus. Participants may also be considered as potential faculty candidates as appropriate.</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The program goals are as follows:</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">· Create a connection between emerging scholars at other institutions and current research efforts at Texas State</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">· Support and enhance the campus climate of understanding ethnicity and race</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">· Link the school and campus to the broader served community</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">· Increase the number of role models available at Texas State to underrepresented students</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">· Identify potential faculty candidates</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Submit your application and supporting materials by March 7, 2008.</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">For more information, including the application form and instructions, visit <a href="http://www.gradcollege.txstate.edu/Predoc_Fellow.html">www.gradcollege.txstate.edu/Predoc_Fellow.html</a> , or contact Dr. Paula Williamson at <a href="mailto:pw04@txstate.edu">pw04@txstate.edu</a> or 512-245-6292.</span></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">THE 2008–2009 WILLIAM T. GRANT SCHOLARS PROGRAM BROCHURE </address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><img height="72" hspace="1" src="http://www.apa.org/massmailing/pubint/image006.jpg" width="76" align="left" border="0" name="graphics3" /><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; Z-INDEX: 2; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 57pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 54pt; mso-wrap-distance-left: .75pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: .75pt; mso-position-horizontal: left; mso-position-vertical-relative: line" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" allowoverlap="f"> <v:imagedata src="http://www.apa.org/massmailing/pubint/image006.jpg"></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:shape>The William T. Grant Foundation is pleased to announce the release of the 2008–2009 William T. Grant Scholars Program Brochure. </address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The Scholars Program funds promising early-career researchers from diverse disciplines. It supports the professional development of early-career scholars who have demonstrated success in conducting high-quality research and who are seeking to further develop their skills and research. Studies from William T. Grant Scholars contribute to theory, policy, and practice on the settings of young people ages 8 to 25. </address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The new Brochure contains a description of the program, application guidelines, and a list of current William T. Grant Scholars. The Foundation is particularly interested in reaching applicants of color. </address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Visit <a href="http://www.wtgrantfoundation.org/info-url_nocat3042/info-url_nocat_show.htm?doc_id=76878&attrib_id=4398">http://www.wtgrantfoundation.org/info-url_nocat3042/info-url_nocat_show.htm?doc_id=76878&attrib_id=4398</a> for more information. Questions about the program should be sent to <a href="mailto:info@wtgrantfdn.org">info@wtgrantfdn.org</a> .</span></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">This information is brought to you as a service provided by the:</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">The American Psychological Association</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">750 First Street, NE</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Washington, DC 20002-4242</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Phone: 202-336-6029</address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Fax: 202-336-6040</address><address><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">e-mail: <a href="mailto:oema@apa.org">oema@apa.org</a> </span></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">NOTE: Online issues of the Communique are available only in Adobe portable document format (PDF), so Adobe Acrobat® or Adobe Reader® is required to view them. A free version of the Adobe Reader® can be downloaded from the Adobe website: <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html">http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html</a> .</span></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a name="_x0000_i1026"></a><img height="5" src="http://www.blogger.com/J:/maestro%20docs/Mass%20mailing%20Job%20Info/Public%20Interest/02-08-08%20fellowship%20and%20funding%20opportunities%20for%20APA%20Student%20Affiliates%20ID-%20PUBINT-080208A/full%20doc/OEMA%20Student%20Affiliate%20Mass%20Mailing%202-08-08_files/image007.gif" width="628" align="bottom" border="0" name="graphics4" /> </address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><address><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">You are receiving this message to help you make full use of APA resources. Your e-mail address was obtained from APA Membership Database records. Electronic communication costs a fraction of printing and mailing, making it cost effective and more timely. This message is mailed semiannually. We are developing a system by which you can identify preferences for the types of email you would like to receive from the Association. Until then, to unsubscribe to this email contact OEMA at <a href="mailto:oema@apa.org">oema@apa.org</a> or send a regular mail post to the address listed above. You may also call 202-336-6029.</span></address><address style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><br /></address><img height="1" src="http://maestro.apa.org:1892/trk/open?ref=zp000s09a_0-2c5x1745" width="1" />Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-29881973742231737072008-02-05T19:49:00.000-08:002008-02-05T20:19:07.737-08:00Selective storage and maintenance of an object's features in visual working memory<p><span style="color:#333333;">Woodman, G. F., & Vogel, E. K. (2008). Selective storage and maintenance of an object's features in visual working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 223-229.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />It has been shown that we have a highly capacity-limited representational space with which to store objects in visual working memory. However, most objects are composed of multiple feature attributes, and it is unknown whether observers can voluntarily store a single attribute of an object without necessarily storing all of its remaining features. In this study, we used a masking paradigm to measure the efficiency of encoding, and neurophysiological recordings to directly measure visual working memory maintenance while subjects viewed multifeature objects and were required to remember only a single feature or all of the features of the objects. We found that measures of both encoding and maintenance varied systematically as a function of which object features were task relevant. These experiments show that individuals can control which features of an object are selectively stored in working memory.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper discussed the obligatory storage hypothesis and the selective feature storage hypothesis (flexible encoding hypothesis). The former one suggests that when an object is attended, all features are encoded. In contrast, the latter hypothesis, a task-relevant feature can be selectively processed without processing the task-irrelevant feature.<br /><br />A change detection task is performed.<br />They measured the capacity coefficient (k) as a function of the SOA between memory array and mask to compute the consolidation rate. Color, orientation (shape), or conjunction features were instructed to attend. Results showed the consolidation rate (slope of that function) of color is higher than orientation (shape) and conjunction. It is suggests that feature selection may alter the encoding of stimuli.<br />To test the selective storage, they conducted an ERP experiment by testing the CDA component which is observed at the posterior parietal site. The amplitude of CDA may show different features is retained in memory. Given the same stimulus array, amplitude of CDA is higher when attending to color. In contrast to the obligatory encoding hypothesis (it may predict the equal amplitude), it supports the selective feature encoding hypothesis.<br /><br /><strong><br />My comment:</strong><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">*The method section is not clear enough, I wonder if the capacity function varied as a function of task-relevancy. From my understanding, the authors just pooled all the types of changes (relevant/ irrelevant) as a single condition.<br />*Because color is salient, it can be processed wile ignoring the orientation (shape) feature)</span></p>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-12202864043725255962008-02-05T08:23:00.000-08:002008-02-05T08:25:32.123-08:00Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory<span style="color:#666666;">Wixted, J. T. (2007). Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory. Psychological Review, 114(1), 152-176.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />Two influential models of recognition memory, the unequal-variance signal-detection model and a dual-process threshold/detection model, accurately describe the receiver operating characteristic, but only the latter model can provide estimates of recollection and familiarity. Such estimates often accord with those provided by the remember-know procedure, and both methods are now widely used in the neuroscience literature to identify the brain correlates of recollection and familiarity. However, in recent years, a substantial literature has accumulated directly contrasting the signal-detection model against the threshold/detection model, and that literature is almost unanimous in its endorsement of signal-detection theory. A dual-process version of signal-detection theory implies that individual recognition decisions are not process pure, and it suggests new ways to investigate the brain correlates of recognition memory.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />Use the ROC to distinguish different theory on recognition memory.<br /><br />This paper reviewed two different views on recognition memory.<br /><br /><strong>The first one is dual process theory of recognition memory.</strong><br />Dual process means familiarity and recollection process in recognition memory.<br />“Recollection is a relatively slow process that consists of retrieving specific details associated with the prior presentation of an item, whereas familiarity is a relatively fast process that allows one to appreciate the fact that the item was previously encountered even though no contextual detail can be retrieved.”<br /><br />It is corresponding to unequal variance signal detection model (the author suggested better).<br />The UVSD has curvilinear ROC and linear zROC (the slope of z ROC means the std (lure) / std (target), when the slope is 1, it shows equal variance among tow distributions. Usually, the slope is 0.8, it means the std of target is 1.25 times std of lure, showing unequal variance.)<br /><br />The author‘s new model concludes that both familiarity and recollection occurs in an one-dimensional signal detection decision process (dual process UVSD).<br /><br /><strong>The second is the signal detection theory.</strong><br />à The recognition decision is based on the memory strength in relation to the decision criterion.<br /><br />1. two criterion model<br />“if the familiarity of a test item falls above a high criterion value or below a low criterion value, then a fast, familiarity-based decision is made (old or new, respectively). If the value instead falls between the two criteria, then a search process is initiated, which, if successful, leads to a slower, recollection-based old decision. Thus, in this model, the subject is thought to resort to recollection as a backup process whenever familiarity fails to provide a clear answer.”<br /><br />2. high threshold model<br />“Recollection is a high-threshold process (i.e., recollection either occurs or does not occur), whereas familiarity is a continuous variable that is governed by an equal-variance detection model.”<br />“If a target item on a recognition test occasions recollection, then a high-confidence old decision is made. No decision criterion or any other consideration based on signal-detection theory is needed to characterize a recollection process like that. If recollection fails, however, then a familiarity-based decision is made.”<br />“In this model, the participant is thought to resort to familiarity as a backup process whenever recollection fails to occur.”<br /><br />The second model (high threshold model” is widely used.<br /><br />It is corresponding to the dual process signal detection model.<br />The DPSD (high threshold model) has linear ROC and curvilinear zROC.<br /><br />Data from part recollection is against the DPSD model, because DPSD suggests that recollection is an all-or-none process.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-57628677072370157732008-02-04T06:44:00.000-08:002008-02-04T06:46:53.754-08:00A clarification of self-terminating versus exhaustive variances in serial and parallel models<span style="color:#333333;">Townsend, J. T. (2001). A clarification of self-terminating versus exhaustive variances in serial and parallel models. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(6), 1101-1106.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />Comments on the original article by N. Donnelly et al (see record 1999-05611-008) which employs response times variances (in the form of standard deviations) in addition to mean response times. Variances can contribute greatly to model testing. However, there is a danger of perpetuating the kinds of logical and methodological errors that have long attended research employing mean response times alone. This commentary clarifies the theoretical and methodological issues, points out some new results concerning variability in search processes, and indicates how to resolve the global and specific challenges associated with identifying psychological mechanisms.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper discussed whether the measure of variance of RT can be used as an indicator to classify the processing architecture (parallel/ serial) and stopping rule (self-terminating/ exhaustive).<br /><br />Stemberg (1966) proposed a serial exhaustive search in memory in which the RT increases as the number of to0be0remembered items increases. A rule-of-thumb criterion for serially mean RT slope of greater than 10 ms has been seriously problematic (Wolfe, 1998).<br /><br /><strong>Donnelly, Found, and Muller(1999) used the standard deviation of RT to discriminate serial versus parallel processing. A serial self-terminating may predict a faster increasing variance of RT for target present trails than that for target absent trials. A limited parallel model may predict equally increasing of TRT variance in both conditions. However, Townsend did not agree with this argument.</strong><br /><br />He gives some examples showing that the var (ST) may be equal to var(EXH), and the var (RT could be keep constant, And Even in a unlimited capacity parallel model, the car(RT) decreases as a function of the load (set-size, n).<br /><br /><strong>Though, the var(RT) could be a useful tool to diagnose the processing architecture, stopping rule, and capacity.</strong><br /><br />The mathematical computation is little difficult for me, especially for the equation 3 and 4. I should take a close look on these equations.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-72337220977917346992008-02-03T08:18:00.000-08:002008-02-03T08:20:08.212-08:00Set-size effects for spatial frequency change and discrimination in multiple targets<span style="color:#333333;">Wright, M. J., Alston, L., & Popple, A. V. (2002). Set-size effects for spatial frequency change and discrimination in multiple targets. Spatial Vision, 15(2), 157-170.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:<br /></strong>In visual search tasks with a near-threshold target among distracters, log detection thresholds rise in proportion to the log of the number of stimuli. Previous research has shown a very steep slope for this set-size effect where the target is a change in spatial frequency (SF) across an ISI, suggesting a low-level explanation for 'change blindness.' In this study, we analyse stimulus and task variables in order to determine the contributions of stimulus detection and attention processes using the authors as the sample (N=3). Stimuli consisted of 2 150 ms frames each containing 1 to 4 Gabor targets, with an ISI of 250 ms. In a 2AFC detection task with uniform distracters, slopes of 0.23-0.52 were found, in line with visual search results. 2AFC SF discrimination tasks gave slopes of 0.68, 0.69 with homogeneous distracters and 0.76-0.96 with inhomogeneous distracters, consistent with averaging of stimuli within a frame. Conclusions suggest, under conditions where a stimulus array can be analyzed globally, change detection performance is limited by signal detection mechanisms, rather than limited capacity attention or memory mechanisms. However, where this is prevented, limitations due to attention or memory produce an even steeper set-size effect.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper investigated how people discriminate the spatial frequency changes in multiple gabor patches. They conducted a signal detection approach to explain how decision may play a role in change detection. Change detection is limited by the signal detection mechanism when there is one object or when the distractors are homogeneous. Attention and memory may limit the performance when more than one object are presented and distractors are heterogeneous.<br /><br />The authors used the idea from Palmer (1994) (see the information integration theory). They suggested that the change detection becomes difficult when multiple stimuli are presented because every stimulus is potentially mistaken as the target (source of noisy information).<br />Scott-Brown and Ordbach (1998) used uniform distractors which made the task context as simple detection task. (If the distractors are homogeneous, CD is like a visual search with flat slope; f the distractors are heterogeneous, CD is set-size dependent with a steep slope)<br /><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">*Discrimination is more difficult than detection (Slope (discrimination) > Slope (detection) as a function of set size).<br />*The ISI between the pre- and post-change displays does not affect the CD</span><br /><br />In the present study, they manipulated the type of task (discrimination), distractor homogeneity (uniform, varied in SF, orientation, or phase, or all) (In Exp1, with uniform distractors; In Exp 2, with non-changing distractors; In Exp 3, with changing distractors), presence of pre-cue (allowing to compare the relevant set size with display set size), and the presence of post cue (compare a global processing, or elaborative encoding à post-cue makes participants to build the exact stimulus-location binding). Participants were asked to discriminate the SF of the gabors (2AFC detection, 2AFC discrimination).<br /><br /><span style="color:#333333;">This paper did quite a lot of Exps, but the presentation of the data is not very clear and it’s difficult for me to catch the main idea proposed by the authors. I just understand those mentioned in the abstract. Distractor homogeneity may affect the detection slope. Still, I think these manipulations can be applied to my experimental context.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#666666;">* They used the increment of threshold as a function of the set size. I think I can test this processing architecture by using the test of overall processing time.</span>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-2071757675337141612008-02-03T01:02:00.000-08:002008-02-03T01:04:06.325-08:00Parallel versus serial processing in visual search: Further evidence from subadditive effects of visual quality<span style="color:#666666;">Egeth, H., & Dagenbach, D. (1991). Parallel versus serial processing in visual search: Further evidence from subadditive effects of visual quality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(2), 551-560.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />The authors propose a diagnostic for distinguishing between serial and parallel processing in visual search; it is based on testing for subadditive effects of a within-trial visual quality manipulation on target-absent trials. It was evaluated in 2 experiments wherein parallel and serial processing might be expected on the basis of previous work and was then applied to a more uncertain situation in a 3rd experiment. The diagnostic indicates parallel processing of stimuli that differ from each other on a featural basis (Xs and Os) and canonical letters that differ in line arrangement (Ts and Ls) but serial processing when Ts and Ls are randomly rotated. These results form a coherent pattern that is understandable in terms of the literature on visual search, and thus they suggest that the diagnostic may be a useful addition to the methodology used to distinguish between serial and parallel processes.<br /><br /><strong>Note:<br /></strong>This paper discussed the issue of parallel/ serial processing in visual search. Traditionally, researchers used the set size effect to define the processing architecture (e.g., the search time increases as a function of the number of distractors, showing a serial processing; a flat slope indicates the parallel processing). For the serial search processing, the ratio between the slope of target-absence and target-presence condition should be approximately 2: 1. Also, both parallel/ serial search occur in visual search at different stage. In the pre-attentive stage, visual search was processed in parallel to gain the simple features. Then, serial search is required for more details.<br />However, this measurement may be wrong at some time. Searching conjunction features can be parallel with limited capacity. A limited-capacity parallel model can also show the set-size effect (Townsend,1974).<br />In this paper, they manipulated the visual quality of letters and asked participants to search X among Os (Exp 1), rotated T among Ls (Exp 2), and canonical T among Ls (Exp 3). The manipulation allows different predictions for parallel and serial models in visual search with the target-absence (Table 1) and target0precsence (Appendix). For the target-absence trial, the sub-additive effect indicates the parallel processing. But, the violation of the sub-additive did not necessarily mean the serial processing.<br />Results showed the sub- additivity in Exp 1and 3 (suggesting parallel processing), and additivity in Exp 2 (suggesting serial processing). More interesting, findings from Exp 3 implied that searching conjunction features can be parallel according to target-distractor similarity, distractor homogeneity, and set-size.<br /><span style="color:#333333;">The computation of the additivity by manipulating the information load, and visual quality is a direct test for parallel/ serial processing. The authors also mentioned a possibility of individual differences in visual search.</span>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-5958732556146733992008-02-02T08:07:00.000-08:002008-02-04T07:20:55.798-08:00Stimulus similarity modulates competitive interactions in human visual cortex<span style="color:#666666;">Beck, D. M., & Kastner, S. (2007). Stimulus similarity modulates competitive interactions in human visual cortex. Journal of Vision, 7(2), 19 11-12.<br /></span><br /><strong>Abstract:<br /></strong>When multiple visual stimuli are simultaneously presented in a neuron's receptive field, they often interact with each other by mutually suppressing their visually evoked responses, suggesting that multiple stimuli present at the same time in the visual field compete for neural representation. Previous research has shown that these suppressive interactions can be biased by top-down influences such as spatially directed attention, as well as by the bottom-up factor of visual salience. Using fMRI, we asked whether competitive interactions might also be modulated by other bottom-up factors and tested the effects of stimulus similarity. Specifically, we found that suppressive interactions in area V4, measured by comparing activity evoked by simultaneous (potentially competing) and sequential (noncompeting) presentations, were reduced when four items were identical relative to when the four items differed in color and orientation. Such a result is consistent with the prediction that competition is more likely to occur between groups than within a group.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />The stimulus similarity is related to the concept of perceptual grouping.<br /><br />Because of the limitation of processing capacity, people have to suppress the irrelevant information. Biased competition theory has been proposed to explain how people select and inhibit the information. Top-down and bottom process both influence the selection of information. <strong>This hypothesis may predict that suppressive interactions only occur between rather than within perceptual groups</strong>. There is no need to inhibit the irrelevant information when stimuli were grouped. Previous findings also showed that the activity in the intermediate visual area was less active when stimuli were simultaneously presented than when stimuli were sequentially presented, because simultaneous presentation leads to compete with the limited capacity.<br />To combine the grouping and temporal properties in stimuli presentation, the authors manipulated four gabor patches in color and orientation with simultaneous or sequential presentation. Participants were required to identify the target letter in the center while the gabor patches were presented in the receptive field. Results showed an interaction between the stimulus type (grouping) and type of presentation. When stimuli were grouped, there was no difference between different types of presentation. In contrast, when stimuli were not grouped, it shoed visual area is less active with a simultaneous presentation than with a sequential presentation.<br /><br /><em>I think this result can be applied to what I have done about the attention selection on features of an attended object. Because features were grouped based on the same location, no competition should be observed (biased competition occurs among different stimuli). The effect of feature-based selection on visual memory should be discussed.</em>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-41596247437087677282008-02-02T00:58:00.000-08:002008-02-02T01:44:42.031-08:00<span style="color:#666666;">Wenger, M. J., & Gibson, B. S. (2004). Using Hazard Functions to Assess Changes in Processing Capacity in an Attentional Cuing Paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(4), 708-719.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:<br /></strong>Processing capacity-defined as the relative ability to perform mental work in a unit of time-is a critical construct in cognitive psychology and is central to theories of visual attention. The unambiguous use of the construct, experimentally and theoretically, has been hindered by both conceptual confusions and the use of measures that are at best only coarsely mapped to the construct. However, more than 25 years ago, J. T. Townsend and F. G. Ashby (1978) suggested that the hazard function on the response time (RT) distribution offered a number of conceptual advantages as a measure of capacity. The present study suggests that a set of statistical techniques, well-known outside the cognitive and perceptual literatures, offers the ability to perform hypothesis tests on RT-distribution hazard functions. These techniques are introduced, and their use is illustrated in application to data from the contingent attentional capture paradigm.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper is about the capacity measures by using Townsend’s approach. It is well-written and reviews a lot of details about the measurement.<br /><br />Capacity is defined as the amount of work the observer is capable of performing within some unit of time.<br />Capacity may be non-causal (how much a system is capable of doing, or how effectively it can perform a task, in various experimental contextsà an aspect of system functioning that is affected by something else (such as stimulus organization) rather than being responsible for producing some result) or causal (aspect of capacity is affecting system functioning to produce a particular pattern of observable results)<br /><br />They compared the using of mean RT with the using of overall processing time (they suggested the latter is better).<br />“Cumulating this instantaneous measure over the range of the RT distribution is thus readily interpretable in terms of how much work the observer was capable of doing in that experimental condition across all sampled responses at or before each value of t. Mean RT, in contrast, does not provide this information, giving only an expectation for how much time overall was required to complete the task. And the CDF gives only the unconditional probability that the task would be completed at or before some particular time.”<br />The hazard function may well describe the capacity. “It expresses a conditional probability—the likelihood of an observer completing the task in the next instant, given that the observer has not yet completed the task.”<br /><br />They introduced the issue of ordering (complete/ partial ordering) in RT literature which is also related to the capacity measurement.<br />To examine if the RT from different conditions is ordered, two approaches are introduced. The fist one is graphic. To plot the ln{-ln[s(t)]} against the time (t) to see if there is any cross between different curves. If not, it is well ordered. The second method is to compute the Schoenfeld residual to see if all values are constant (beata coefficient = 0?). If it is, the distributions are ordered. (They introduced the proportional hazards model to analyze the RT data. It allowed us to compare two more hazard factions at once.)<br />(I think this part is the very crucial part in this paper!!)<br /><br />Finally, fixed-effect partial likelihood model was used to test if the effect is significant in different conditions.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-50462267179486590302008-01-31T23:03:00.001-08:002008-01-31T23:03:57.055-08:00Change detection: Evidence for information accumulation in flicker paradigms<span style="color:#666666;">Vierck, E., & Kiesel, A. (2008). Change detection: Evidence for information accumulation in flicker paradigms. Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 309-323.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />Change detection in rapidly alternating pictures separated by a blank frame has been shown to be very difficult (e.g., [Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8, 368-373]). The three experiments reported here focus on the mechanism behind detection. More specifically, we explored whether information about the stimulus material accumulates in visual memory and thereby improves change detection. For that purpose the first experiment varied the number of repetitions of the original and modified stimulus version. Results showed that detection improved with more repetitions. The second experiment demonstrated that repetition performance improved more when both the original and the modified picture were repeated. Finally, the third experiment strengthened these findings by showing poorer detection performance when the repetition sequence was randomized. Together, our findings suggest accumulation of information in memory over picture presentations and moreover improved performance when both picture types were repeated. These results underline the importance of developing representations for both picture versions in change detection.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper reviews the literature of change detection and addresses the issue whether information can be accumulated across saccades in the flicker paradigm. (The introduction is well-written.<br />They distinguished the dynamic change detection (flicker paradigm) from the completed change detection (one-shot paradigm. The former is related to the attention focus in change detection; the latter is related to the memory focus in change detection. But, the authors still argue that there is no clear cut between the two tasks. They thought that no studies investigated the accumulation of information in the context of dynamic change detection.<br />In Exp1, they manipulated the types of the cycles (AB, AABB, and AAAAABBBBB), and types of changes (color, location, and presence). Results showed fewer changes were needed with the repetition of one particular frame than without repetition. Results from Exp 2 suggested that both the repetition of original and modified frames is important (e.g. RT in AAABBB is faster than RT in AAAAAB) (But I have an alternative account). Exp 3 showed the regularity of presentations is important (e.g. RT in AABB is faster than RT in random presentation). Together, results suggested that the information can be accumulated into VSTM, some is retained in LTM.<br /><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">* I thought the results from Exp 2 is not direct enough to say both repetition of original and modified displays is crucial for the accumulation of information. The presentation frequency of the modified displays is relatively low in AAAAAB procedure. It may affect the probability of attention allocation on the changed region. Even though the authors discussed the uncertainty of saccadic movement in the flicker paradigm in General Discussion, the possibility still exists.<br /></span>Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-26737441756733671342008-01-31T07:18:00.000-08:002008-01-31T07:19:12.897-08:00A Theory of Interactive Parallel Processing: New Capacity Measures and Predictions for a Response Time Inequality Series<span style="color:#666666;">Townsend, J. T., & Wenger, M. J. (2004). A Theory of Interactive Parallel Processing: New Capacity Measures and Predictions for a Response Time Inequality Series. Psychological Review, 111(4), 1003-1035.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />The authors present a theory of stochastic interactive parallel processing with special emphasis on channel interactions and their relation to system capacity. The approach is based both on linear systems theory augmented with stochastic elements and decisional operators and on a metatheory of parallel channels' dependencies that incorporates standard independent and coactive parallel models as special cases. The metatheory is applied to OR and AND experimental paradigms, and the authors establish new theorems relating response time performance in these designs to earlier and novel issues. One notable outcome is the remarkable processing efficiency associated with linear parallel-channel systems that include mutually positive interactions. The results may offer insight into perceptual and cognitive configural-holistic processing systems.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper addressed that capacity may be affected by the dependency between the channels (cross-talk), and the decision operator (OR/ AND).<br /><br />UCIP processing means that channels are independent (zero correlation). The dependency occurs when the channels interact with each other. A positive correlation may lead to a supercapacity processing; a negative correlation may lead to a limited capacity processing.<br /><br />Decision operators may be OR or AND. The OR process means that observers respond yes when either target is presented (minimum reaction time, self-terminating, first-terminating). The AND process means that observers respond yes when both targets were presented.<br /><br />The performance with OR operation should be compared with Miller inequality (supercapactiy), and with Grice inequality (limited capacity). Simulated data showed that channels with positive correlation may violate the Miller inequality, and those with negative correlation may violate the Grice inequality.<br /><br />The performance with AND operation should be compared with Colonius-Vorberg (CV bound). Simulated data showed that channels with positive correlation may violate the upper CV bound, and those with negative correlation may violate the lower CV bound.<br /><br />The coactivation model is not affected by the correlation between channels. Data in coactivation with positive, negative or zero correlation between channels violates the Miller inequality, but does not violate the Grice inequality.<br /><br />When we measure the capacity limitation, we should consider the dependency between channels and the decision operator.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-42983450650552219552008-01-30T01:13:00.000-08:002008-01-30T01:16:18.321-08:00Consequences of base time for redundant signals experiments<span style="color:#666666;">Townsend, J. T., & Honey, C. J. (2007). Consequences of base time for redundant signals experiments. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 51(4), 242-265.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />We report analytical and computational investigations into the effects of base time on the diagnosticity of two popular theoretical tools in the redundant signals literature: (1) the race model inequality and (2) the capacity coefficient. We show analytically and without distributional assumptions that the presence of base time decreases the sensitivity of both of these measures to model violations. We further use simulations to investigate the statistical power model selection tools based on the race model inequality, both with and without base time. Base time decreases statistical power, and biases the race model test toward conservatism. The magnitude of this biasing effect increases as we increase the proportion of total reaction time variance contributed by base time. We marshal empirical evidence to suggest that the proportion of reaction time variance contributed by base time is relatively small, and that the effects of base time on the diagnosticity of our model-selection tools are therefore likely to be minor. However, uncertainty remains concerning the magnitude and even the definition of base time. Experimentalists should continue to be alert to situations in which base time may contribute a large proportion of the total reaction time variance.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />This paper discussed the consequence of base time in the redundant-signal design (RSD). The reaction time in the redundant-signal condition (RS) is faster than that in the single-target (SS) condition, showing a RS facilitation effect. Jeffery Miller (1982) developed a race model inequality to test the effect.<br /><br />Assumption:<br />(1) In separate channels, the evidence is accumulated toward completion. Different channels are processed in parallel.<br />(2) The rate of processing in each channel is invariant across SS and RS condition (so-called context invariance).<br />(3) Obeyed the minimum-time stopping rule.<br />(4) Each channel is processed independently.<br />1-3 à race model 1-4 a race model with independent channel<br /><br />The base time is also called the residual time or non-decisional time (see Ratcliff’s diffusion model). The base time includes two components: the time for basic sensory system to transfer information to higher processing centers and the time to execute a motor response.<br /><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">* The presence of base time serves to decrease the maximum sensitivity of the race model inequality to the detection of the race model inequality.<br />* The presence of base time should lead the capacity coefficient to underestimate the capacity.</span><br /><br />To exclude the base time component in the RT data, the estimation will be more precise.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-84667732064726406792008-01-29T07:00:00.000-08:002008-01-29T21:39:32.912-08:00Proactive interference from items previously stored in visual working memory<span style="color:#666666;">Makovski, T., & Jiang, Y. V. (2008). Proactive interference from items previously stored in visual working memory. Memory & Cognition, 36, 43-52.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:<br /></strong>This study investigates the fate of information that was previously stored in visual working memory but that is no longer needed. Previous research has found inconsistent results, with some showing effective release of irrelevant information and others showing proactive interference. Using change detection tasks of colors or shapes, we show that participants tend to falsely classify a changed item as "no change" if it matches one of the memory items on the preceding trial. The interference is spatially specific: Memory for the preceding trial interferes more if it matches the feature value and the location of a test item than if it does not. Interference results from retaining information in visual working memory, since it is absent when items on the preceding trials are passively viewed, or are attended but not memorized. We conclude that people cannot fully eliminate unwanted visual information from current working memory tasks.<br /><br /><strong>Note:<br /></strong>This paper addressed the issue whether previously attended and memorized items could influence the visual memory of the subsequent item (so-called proactive inference). If there is a proactive inference, the memory performance in the n trial will be affected by the item presented in the n-1 trial.<br /><br />Exp 1 showed that memory performance of color item in the n trial decreased when the probe’s color matched that of the n-1’s item at the same location (spatial specificity). Exp 2 generated the effect to the shape feature. Also, the proactive interference was only found when the item in the n-1 trials was actively attended and memorized. Results also suggested that the VSTM is configuration-based. A very clever method used in Experiment 3 showed that both spatial and temporal interference contributed to the interference effect. 4AFC memory test in which the choices included: correct answer (true color), novel color, the color in n-1 trial at the probe location (temporal interference), and the color item adjacent to the probe (spatial interference) was used. It is suggested that the VWM is temporally and spatially imprecise.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-56116036358483776152008-01-27T08:18:00.000-08:002008-01-27T08:19:47.699-08:00Attentional limits on the perception and memory of visual information<span style="color:#666666;">Palmer, J. (1990). Attentional limits on the perception and memory of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16(2), 332-350.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />Attentional limits on perception and memory were measured by the decline in performance with increasing numbers of objects in a display. Multiple objects were presented to Ss who discriminated visual attributes. In a representative condition, 4 lines were briefly presented followed by a single line in 1 of the same locations. Ss were required to judge if the single line in the 2nd display was longer or shorter than the line in the corresponding location of the 1st display. The length difference threshold was calculated as a function of the number of objects. The difference thresholds doubled when the number of objects was increased from 1 to 4. This effect was generalized in several ways, and nonattentional explanations were ruled out. Further analyses showed that the attentional processes must share information from at least 4 objects and can be described by a simple model.<br /><br /><strong>Note:<br /></strong>A partial discrimination paradigm was used. This paradigm was like the single probe change detection paradigm. After a study display of 1 to 4 stimuli, a single test probe was presented at one of the locations. Participants were asked to judge if the probe was the same as the study item.<br /><br />A set-size effect was observed with an increase of detection threshold as a function of the display set size. Palmer ruled out the possibility of sensory limitation by controlling the eye movement, configuration effect (solution: cued item was presented in the center as the single probe. As a result, the configuration information was excluded. The set-size effect was still observed.) The psychometric function was tested in Exp 2. the function shifted to the right as the set-size increased with similar shape. The set-size effect can be applied to different features such as size, and orientation (Exp 3). This effect was also resistant to the variation of the retention interval (Exp 4 for 0.5 s, Exp 1 for 2 s).<br /><br />The sensory hypothesis was ruled out in Exp 5. Results showed the relevant set-size could account for the set-size effect. Exp 6 further demonstrated the effect o attention. Even when the set-size was four, performance with a cue was equal to that of set-size two. Exp 7 demonstrated uncured information is less well processed.<br /><br />These results ruled out the sensory hypothesis, and decision hypothesis (This result is slight different from Palmer (1995), But the tasks were totally different: visual search vs. partial discrimination task). Results supported that attention plays a role in perception and memory.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3555908978577772741.post-4388133614285678492008-01-22T08:36:00.000-08:002008-01-22T08:53:50.800-08:00Automatic memory search and the effects of information load and irrelevant information<span style="color:#666666;">Palmer, J., & Jonides, J. (1988). Automatic memory search and the effects of information load and irrelevant information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(1), 136-144.</span><br /><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong><br />If automaticity is identified with both light capacity usage and little attentional selectivity, then an automatic process should be symptomatized by both small effects of concurrent information load and large susceptibility to interference by similar but irrelevant information. Several experiments are reported that test this prediction for memory search among sets of words. For well-learned memory sets, a small effect of information load co-occurs with a large effect of irrelevant information. By contrast, for arbitrary sets, a large effect of information load co-occurs with a small effect of irrelevant information. These results do confirm the correlation between effects of information load and irrelevant information as a hallmark for identifying automatic processes.<br /><br /><strong>Note:</strong><br />Both information load (defined by the number of memory set) which is related to the capacity and irrelevant information co-occur in the memory search.<br /><br />After a fixation, memory items (set-size was varied) were presented. All the memory items were form name category (well-learned category) or from both name and no-name category (arbitrary category). A prime which may be corresponding to or conflicting to the category of memory items was manipulated. The prime was required to be focused (Exp 1) or ignored (Exp2). And then, participants were required to judge if the probe item was presented in the memory set.<br /><br />Results showed that large information load effect in the arbitrary category, and participants may automatically process the irrelevant information (prime) in the well-learned category. Whether the prime was attended or ignored did not matter the result.Yang Cheng-Ta (楊政達)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08958329192036839126noreply@blogger.com0